As BRICS welcomes nine new partner countries in January 2025, the coalition now represents nearly half of the world’s population and 41% of global GDP (PPP). This expansion signals a growing shift in global economic and political power, with BRICS positioning itself as a formidable counterweight to traditional Western-led structures such as the G7.
A Rapidly Expanding Alliance
BRICS, initially founded in 2009 by Brazil, Russia, India, and China, grew to include South Africa in 2010. Since then, its influence has steadily expanded. The 2023 summit in Johannesburg, South Africa, marked a pivotal moment, as six nations were invited to join. Four of these—Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates—accepted and became members in 2024. By the end of 2024, BRICS extended partnership invitations to 13 additional countries, nine of which have accepted: Belarus, Bolivia, Cuba, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Thailand, Uganda and Uzbekistan
This addition aligns with BRICS’ mission to champion the Global South, de-dollarize global trade, and reshape the international financial system.
Demographic and Economic Clout
With its expanded membership and partnerships, BRICS now encompasses nine of the world’s 20 most populous countries, collectively housing approximately 4 billion people—half of humanity. India and China, the two most populous nations, are joined by significant demographic contributors such as Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, and Ethiopia.
Economically, BRICS has cemented itself as a global powerhouse. The original five members alone accounted for 33.76% of world GDP (PPP) in 2024, surpassing the G7’s 29.08%. With the addition of its new partners, BRICS’ share of global GDP now exceeds 41%. This remarkable rise underscores the waning influence of Western-dominated economic institutions and highlights the shift towards a multipolar world order.
Commodities and Production Leadership
One of BRICS’ defining strengths lies in its dominance of key global commodities. Its members and partners are leading producers of vital resources:
- Agriculture: China, India, and Brazil dominate global production of sugar cane, maize, rice, and wheat. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand account for nearly 90% of the world’s oil palm fruit production.
- Energy: BRICS includes five of the world’s top 10 crude oil producers and significant natural gas producers such as Russia, Iran, and China. The coalition also leads in renewable energy, with China’s investment in solar and wind power outpacing the rest of the world combined.
- Minerals: BRICS nations are among the top producers of iron ore, copper, and nickel, critical for global industries.
- Meat and Seafood: China and Brazil lead in chicken, pork, and beef production, while China dominates aquaculture, producing nearly 60% of global seafood.
These capacities enable BRICS to influence global markets and ensure resource security for its members.
A Strategic Challenge to the West
BRICS’ expansion is not merely economic; it is deeply strategic. The coalition’s emphasis on de-dollarization is particularly noteworthy. By promoting trade in local currencies and reducing reliance on the US dollar, BRICS aims to undermine the hegemony of Western financial systems. This strategy is already evident in bilateral trade agreements among BRICS members, with countries like China and Russia settling transactions in yuan or rubles.
This agenda is complemented by significant investments in infrastructure and technology within member states, enhancing connectivity and fostering development. BRICS’ New Development Bank (NDB) plays a critical role in financing projects that align with these goals, offering an alternative to traditional lenders like the IMF and World Bank. For many countries in the Global South, BRICS provides a lifeline to bypass conditionalities often imposed by Western financial institutions.
A Platform for the Global South
BRICS’ appeal lies in its inclusivity and commitment to amplifying the voices of developing nations. Unlike the G7, which primarily represents the interests of wealthy Western nations, BRICS is rooted in the aspirations of the Global South. Its members and partners collectively challenge the legacy of colonialism and imperialism, advocating for equitable representation in global governance.
The expansion of BRICS underscores its dedication to fostering solidarity among emerging economies. By including countries like Uganda, Bolivia, and Cuba, the coalition ensures that even smaller economies benefit from collective action. This inclusivity strengthens the group’s legitimacy and broadens its influence.
Innovation and Technology Leadership
BRICS is not only a leader in natural resources but is also making significant strides in innovation and technology. China, a key member, is at the forefront of advancements in artificial intelligence, green technology, and telecommunications. Initiatives like the BRICS Institute of Future Networks aim to enhance digital cooperation among members, bridging the technological gap between the Global South and developed nations.
Moreover, BRICS nations are collaborating on space exploration and scientific research. India’s recent achievements in space technology, coupled with Russia’s expertise and China’s investments, position BRICS as a leader in this critical domain.
Addressing Criticisms and Challenges
Critics of BRICS argue that its diversity—in terms of political systems, economic structures, and national interests—poses a challenge to effective coordination. However, the organization’s ability to expand and maintain cohesion suggests a shared commitment to collective goals. Initiatives like the BRICS Energy Research Cooperation Platform and the BRICS Vaccine R&D Center demonstrate the group’s focus on practical collaboration.
Moreover, the inclusion of smaller economies like Cuba and Uganda highlights BRICS’ commitment to inclusivity, ensuring that its benefits extend beyond the largest players. This approach not only strengthens the coalition but also ensures that its initiatives resonate across a broader spectrum of global stakeholders.
Environmental Leadership
As the world grapples with the challenges of climate change, BRICS is stepping up as a leader in sustainability. China’s unprecedented investment in renewable energy has set the tone for the coalition’s green agenda. Brazil’s commitment to preserving the Amazon rainforest and India’s ambitious solar power initiatives further underscore BRICS’ dedication to environmental stewardship.
The coalition’s focus on sustainable development is reflected in its financing of eco-friendly projects through the NDB. This commitment positions BRICS as a global leader in balancing economic growth with environmental responsibility.
A Multipolar Future
The expansion of BRICS is a testament to the rise of the Global South. By bringing together nations with massive populations, significant economies, and abundant resources, BRICS is poised to redefine global governance. If its members and partners can coordinate effectively, they hold the potential to create a more equitable and multipolar world.
In a landscape where Western dominance has long been the norm, BRICS’ trajectory represents a powerful shift. Its continued growth and influence will undoubtedly shape the future of international relations, offering an alternative model for economic and political cooperation. By fostering inclusivity, promoting sustainability, and championing the interests of the Global South, BRICS is not just expanding; it is transforming the global order into one that is more just and balanced.
